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Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living organism. In humans it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental or social challenges.〔Huber M, Knottnerus JA, Green, L., van der Horst H, Jadad AR, Kromhout D, Smid H. BMJ 2011; 343 (d4163) http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf〕 The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in its 1948 constitution as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."〔World Health Organization. (''WHO definition of Health'' ), Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19–22 June 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948. In 〕〔World Health Organization. 2006. (''Constitution of the World Health Organization'' ) – ''Basic Documents'', Forty-fifth edition, Supplement, October 2006.〕 This definition has been subject to controversy, in particular as lacking operational value and because of the problem created by use of the word "complete" 〔Jadad AR, O’Grady L: How should health be defined? BMJ 2008a;337:a2900〕 Other definitions have been proposed, among which a recent definition that correlates health and personal satisfaction.〔(Sport, Disability and an Original Definition of Health ). Zenit.org (February 27, 2013).〕 Classification systems such as the WHO Family of International Classifications, including the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), are commonly used to define and measure the components of health. Health is that balanced condition of the living organism in which the integral, harmonious performance of the vital functions tends to the preservation of the organism and the normal development of the individual. Systematic activities to prevent or cure health problems and promote good health in humans are undertaken by health care providers. Applications with regard to animal health are covered by the veterinary sciences. The term "healthy" is also widely used in the context of many types of non-living organizations and their impacts for the benefit of humans, such as in the sense of healthy communities, healthy cities or healthy environments. In addition to health care interventions and a person's surroundings, a number of other factors are known to influence the health status of individuals, including their background, lifestyle, and economic, social conditions, and spirituality; these are referred to as "determinants of health." Studies have shown that high levels of stress can affect human health. ==Determinants== Generally, the context in which an individual lives is of great importance for both his health status and quality of their life. It is increasingly recognized that health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and application of health science, but also through the efforts and intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual and society. According to the World Health Organization, the main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment, and the person's individual characteristics and behaviors.〔World Health Organization. (''The determinants of health.'' ) Geneva. Accessed 12 May 2011.〕 More specifically, key factors that have been found to influence whether people are healthy or unhealthy include the following:〔〔Public Health Agency of Canada. (''What Determines Health?'' ) Ottawa. Accessed 12 May 2011.〕〔Lalonde, Marc. ("''A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians''." ) Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services; 1974.〕 * Income and social status * Social support networks * Education and literacy * Employment/working conditions * Social environments * Physical environments * Personal health practices and coping skills * Healthy child development * Biology and genetics * Health care services * Gender * Culture An increasing number of studies and reports from different organizations and contexts examine the linkages between health and different factors, including lifestyles, environments, health care organization, and health policy – such as the 1974 Lalonde report from Canada;〔 the Alameda County Study in California; and the series of World Health Reports of the World Health Organization, which focuses on global health issues including access to health care and improving public health outcomes, especially in developing countries.〔World Health Organization. (''The world health report'' ). Geneva.〕 The concept of the "''health field,''" as distinct from medical care, emerged from the Lalonde report from Canada. The report identified three interdependent fields as key determinants of an individual's health. These are:〔 * Lifestyle: the aggregation of personal decisions (i.e., over which the individual has control) that can be said to contribute to, or cause, illness or death; * Environmental: all matters related to health external to the human body and over which the individual has little or no control; * Biomedical: all aspects of health, physical and mental, developed within the human body as influenced by genetic make-up. The maintenance and promotion of health is achieved through different combination of physical, mental, and social well-being, together sometimes referred to as the ''"health triangle."''〔Georgia State University. 1998. (''Health Triangle Slides'' ).〕〔Nutter S. (2003) ''The Health Triangle''. Anchor Points, Inc., ISBN 0974876003.〕 The WHO's 1986 ''Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion'' further stated that health is not just a state, but also "a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities."〔World Health Organization. (The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. ) Adopted at the First International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, 21 November 1986 – WHO/HPR/HEP/95.1.〕 Focusing more on lifestyle issues and their relationships with functional health, data from the Alameda County Study suggested that people can improve their health via exercise, enough sleep, maintaining a healthy body weight, limiting alcohol use, and avoiding smoking.〔. "The linear model supported previous findings, including regular exercise, limited alcohol consumption, abstinence from smoking, sleeping 7–8 hours a night, and maintenance of a healthy weight play an important role in promoting longevity and delaying illness and death." Citing 〕 Health and illness can co-exist, as even people with multiple chronic diseases or terminal illnesses can consider themselves healthy.〔Vögele, Claus (2013). "On Living a Long, Healthy, and Happy Life, Full of Love, and with no Regrets, until Our Last Breath". ''Verhaltenstherapie'' 23:287–289.〕 The environment is often cited as an important factor influencing the health status of individuals. This includes characteristics of the natural environment, the built environment, and the social environment. Factors such as clean water and air, adequate housing, and safe communities and roads all have been found to contribute to good health, especially to the health of infants and children.〔〔UNESCO. (''The UN World Water Development Report: Facts and Figures – Meeting basic needs.'' ) Accessed 12 May 2011.〕 Some studies have shown that a lack of neighborhood recreational spaces including natural environment leads to lower levels of personal satisfaction and higher levels of obesity, linked to lower overall health and well being. This suggests that the positive health benefits of natural space in urban neighborhoods should be taken into account in public policy and land use. Genetics, or inherited traits from parents, also play a role in determining the health status of individuals and populations. This can encompass both the predisposition to certain diseases and health conditions, as well as the habits and behaviors individuals develop through the lifestyle of their families. For example, genetics may play a role in the manner in which people cope with stress, either mental, emotional or physical. For example, obesity is a very large problem in the United States that contributes to bad mental health and causes stress in a lot of people's lives. (One difficulty is the issue raised by the debate over the relative strengths of genetics and other factors; interactions between genetics and environment may be of particular importance.) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Health」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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